美国宣布计划对大多数高风险IVD启动再分类流程20241108
发布时间:2024-11-08
(中国器审 2024年11月07日)
基于医疗器械本身的风险,同时结合评价该医疗器械安全性和有效性所需的监管措施和力度,美国FDA对医疗器械进行分类管理,一共三个管理类别,分别为I类、II类和III类。随着对部分医疗器械的安全性有效性认知的加深,FDA会启动再分类流程,主要目的是根据医疗器械最新的安全性和有效性信息,对其应用风险相当的监管控制。这一流程类似于我国的分类动态调整制度。但FDA的再分类适用于设备类型,而不适用于单个设备。
一、高风险IVD再分类流程介绍
2024年初,FDA设备与放射卫生中心(CDRH)宣布计划对大多数高风险IVD启动再分类流程,主要是将按III类管理的部分高风险产品降为II类按中风险进行监管。目前在拟降类考虑范围内的绝大多数是传染病检测试剂和伴随诊断试剂。
若成功降类,这类产品的上市注册途径将由最严格的PMA变更为510(k),因此CDRH认为,再分类有助于降低相关制造商的上市负担,鼓励更多制造商开发这类试剂,从而增加竞争并增加获得这些重要检测试剂的机会,提高公众可及性。
同时CDRH也强调,会继续秉承基于风险的医疗器械监管措施,虽然部分试剂将从III类降为II类,但上市前评价的标准不会降低。
二、相关案例介绍
其实,CDRH早已启动了高风险IVD产品的相关降类流程,近几年已有部分产品进行了正式降类。
(一)部分丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)检测试剂
HCV RNA检测试剂。这类试剂主要用于HCV感染的辅助诊断,或HCV感染人群的患者管理(包括慢性HCV感染人群的基因型特异治疗的用药指导),不用于血源筛查。样本类型主要是血清或血浆。
HCV抗体检测试剂。这类试剂主要用于疑似肝炎人群和高风险人群的HCV感染的辅助诊断,不用于血源筛查。样本类型主要是血清、血浆或其他样本类型。
以上产品已从III类降为II类,于2021年12月22日生效。虽然降类了,但是这类产品的上市前评价还是比较严格,FDA要求这两类产品上市前应开展多中心临床研究,临床灵敏度的95%置信区间下限应大于等于95%,临床特异度的95%置信区间下限应大于等于96%。
(二)部分人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)检测试剂
基于血清学的HIV检测试剂和/或补充检测试剂。这类试剂主要用于定性检测HIV抗原和/或抗体,用于HIV感染的辅助诊断,仅供专业使用,不用于监测患者状态和血源筛查。样本类型主要是体液或组织。
基于核酸的HIV检测试剂和/或补充检测试剂。这类试剂主要用于定性检测HIV核酸,用于HIV感染的辅助诊断,仅供专业使用,不用于监测患者状态和血源筛查。样本类型主要是体液或组织。
以上产品已从III类降为II类,于2022年6月15日生效。同理,FDA要求这类产品应开展多中心临床研究,临床灵敏度的95%置信区间下限应大于等于99%,临床特异度的95%置信区间下限应大于等于99%。如果预期用于床旁(Point of Care, PoC),临床灵敏度的95%置信区间下限应大于等于98%,临床特异度的95%置信区间下限应大于等于98%。
HIV 病毒载量检测类试剂和家用检测试剂的风险级别考虑逻辑和以上两类产品不太一样,所以此次降类暂不包括以上试剂。
(三)其他新动态
2023年9月,经过集体讨论,FDA对以下三类产品做出了降类建议,但仅为建议,目前尚未正式降类。
(1)基于核酸和血清学的IVD,用于帮助诊断乙肝病毒(HBV)感染和/或用于帮助治疗HBV感染的患者。
(2)基于血清学的IVD,用于检测人类微小病毒B19。
(3)细胞介导的免疫反应性IVD,用于帮助鉴别对结核分枝杆菌感染相关的肽抗原的体外应答,和/或用作检测对结核分枝杆菌药剂的刺激有应答的效应T细胞。
器械长三角分中心 何琼 熊宇婷 供稿
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